People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face a far greater chance of dying early than people without the condition, according to a new review published in JAMA Network Open. The authors estimate the risk is about 71% higher, but they say prescribed treatment may help bring it down.
The researchers pooled 19 studies involving almost 16 million people across three continents. They examined deaths from unnatural causes, such as accidents and suicide, as well as natural causes, including diabetes and heart disease.
Higher rates of suicide, injury and illness deaths
The review found elevated risk across several categories. People with ADHD were 89% more likely to die by suicide. Their risk of dying from injuries, including car crashes, was 55% higher, and their risk of dying from natural health problems was 27% higher.
Experts linked these risks to higher rates of substance use and smoking. They also said that difficulties with executive function may make it harder for people with ADHD to manage chronic illnesses, attend medical appointments and follow treatment plans.
Medication linked to lower risk of death
A separate analysis found that people taking prescribed ADHD medication had a 25% lower risk of dying from any cause than those not taking it. The findings suggest that proper care can help reduce these dangers.
Senior author Joshua Stott, a professor at University College London, said ADHD does not necessarily shorten life if people receive the right care. The authors also stressed important limits. Because the research was observational, it shows links rather than direct cause and effect.
The medication findings rely on only three studies, so the authors described them as early. Researchers said medication helps, but people with ADHD also need long-term, comprehensive support.
