China conducted secret military training for Russian forces last year, focusing on radiological, biological, and chemical protection, with direct authorization from Moscow. This covert cooperation, involving senior generals from both nations, has caused concern among European capitals.
In a significant development, Russian Defence Minister Andrei Belousov personally approved the training. A classified Russian document revealed an internal decree issued by Belousov in August 2025, permitting a Russian military delegation to travel to China for exercises at People’s Liberation Army facilities.
One notable session took place in Beijing in November, lasting three weeks and concentrating on radiological, chemical, and biological defense techniques. The documents included images showing Russian soldiers receiving instruction from Chinese officers on chemical and radiation reconnaissance, protecting ventilation systems from contamination, and examining a model nuclear reactor.
The strategic importance of these exchanges, especially given the sensitive nature of the topics covered, highlights the significance of this cooperation amid the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Despite this, Beijing has consistently denied providing military support to Moscow, maintaining a stance of neutrality in the war.
Meanwhile, European Union foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas confirmed the training through EU channels and stated that the bloc is evaluating the potential consequences. The EU has already imposed sanctions on Chinese companies accused of aiding Russia’s war efforts and is currently considering additional measures against Beijing, despite China’s role as a major trade partner.
Requests for comment from the Russian and Chinese defense ministries went unanswered. A senior Russian lawmaker dismissed the reports as “complete nonsense,” while internal Russian assessments pointed out China’s lack of recent combat experience, despite its advanced military equipment and theoretical expertise.
The documents also named key participants, including Russian Colonel General Rustam Muradov, who led the delegation, alongside several other generals. China has rejected the European criticism as baseless smears.
